A pilot study of the use of the oral and faecal microbiota for the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in a paediatric population.

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that affect the gastrointestinal tract. Changes in the microbiome and its interaction with the immune system are thought to play a key role in their development. The aim of this study was to determine whether metagenomic analysis is a feasible non-invasive diagnostic tool for IBD in paediatric patients. A pilot study of oral and faecal microbiota was proposed with 36 paediatric patients divided in three cohorts [12 with CD, 12 with UC and 12 healthy controls (HC)] with 6 months of follow-up. Finally, 30 participants were included: 13 with CD, 11 with UC and 8 HC (6 dropped out during follow-up). Despite the small size of the study population, a differential pattern of microbial biodiversity was observed between IBD patients and the control group. Twenty-one bacterial species were selected in function of their discriminant accuracy, forming three sets of potential markers of IBD. Although IBD diagnosis requires comprehensive medical evaluation, the findings of this study show that faecal metagenomics or a reduced set of bacterial markers could be useful as a non-invasive tool for an easier and earlier diagnosis.

An ESPGHAN Position Paper on the Use of Low-FODMAP Diet in Pediatric Gastroenterology.

Excluding oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) from the diet is increasingly being used to treat children with gastrointestinal complaints. The aim of this position paper is to review the available evidence on the safety and efficacy of its use in children and provide expert guidance regarding practical aspects in case its use is considered . Members of the Gastroenterology Committee, the Nutrition Committee and the Allied Health Professionals Committee of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition contributed to this position paper. Clinical questions regarding initiation, introduction, duration, weaning, monitoring, professional guidance, safety and risks of the diet are addressed. A systematic literature search was performed from 2005 to May 2021 using PubMed, MEDLINE and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. In the absence of evidence, recommendations reflect the expert opinion of the authors. The systematic literature search revealed that the low-FODMAP diet has not been comprehensively studied in children. Indications and contraindications of the use of the diet in different pediatric gastroenterological conditions are discussed and practical recommendations are formulated. There is scarce evidence to support the use of a low-FODMAP diet in children with Irritable Bowel Syndrome and no evidence to recommend its use in other gastrointestinal diseases and complaints in children. Awareness of how and when to use the diet is crucial, as a restrictive diet may impact nutritional adequacy and/or promote distorted eating in vulnerable subjects. The present article provides practical safety tips to be applied when the low-FODMAP diet is considered in children.

Educación nutricional en niños en edad escolar a través del Programa Nutriplato(r) / Nutritional education in school-age children through Programa Nutriplato(r)

INTRODUCCIÓN: promocionar hábitos de alimentación saludable durante la infancia es uno de los aspectos clave para fomentar un buen estado de salud a medio y largo plazo. OBJETIVOS: los objetivos principales son mejorar los hábitos alimentarios, promocionar la dieta mediterránea (DM) y prevenir y/o revertir el sobrepeso y la obesidad en niños de 3 a 12 años. MÉTODOS: el programa tiene un seguimiento de un año e incluye de tres a cinco visitas con dietistas-nutricionistas, un control telefónico y un taller práctico. Se recogen datos antropométricos, de composición corporal y de hábitos alimentarios, y se realiza educación nutricional. Se incluirán un total de 1.000 niños. RESULTADOS: hasta el momento, se han incluido 622 participantes (51,6 % niños; mediana de edad de 8,5 años). Al inicio, el 32,2 % presentaba sobrepeso u obesidad y el 38,9 % seguía una DM óptima. No se encontraron diferencias en la valoración del cuestionario Kidmed en función del sexo (p = 0,214) ni del subgrupo de índice de masa corporal (IMC) (p = 0,181), pero sí en función de la edad (p = 0,023) y del Z-score del IMC (p = 0,004), mostrando valores ligeramente menores en aquellos que presentaban una DM óptima. Por ahora, 362 participantes han realizado la visita de los seis meses, de los cuales el 61,6 % presentó una DM óptima, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas en comparación con la inicial (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSIONES: los resultados preliminares muestran la necesidad de realizar educación nutricional en los niños y sugieren que el Programa Nutriplato(r) puede ser efectivo en la mejora de hábitos alimentarios

INTRODUCTION: promoting healthy eating habits among childhood is one of the key aspects to improve medium and long-term health outcomes. OBJECTIVES: the main aims are to improve eating habits, promote the Mediterranean diet (MD) and prevent and/or reverse overweight and obesity in children from 3 to 12 years old. METHODS: the program has a one-year follow-up and includes three to five visits with registered dietitians, one telephone control and one practical workshop. Anthropometric, body composition and eating habits data are collected, and nutritional education is carried out. A total sample of 1,000 children will be included. RESULTS: until now, 622 participants have been included (51.6 % boys; median age 8.5 years). At the beginning, 32.2 % of participants were overweight or obese and 38.9 % had an adequate MD. Although no differences were found in the assessment of the Kidmed questionnaire regarding sex (p = 0.214) or body mass index (BMI) subgroups (p = 0.181), differences were found regarding age (p = 0.023) and BMI Z-score (p = 0.004), showing slightly lower values in those having and adequate MD. At the moment, 362 participants have made the six-month visit, of which 61.6 % presented an adequate MD, with statistically significant differences compared to the baseline visit (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: preliminary results show the need for nutritional education in children and suggest that Programa Nutriplato(r) can be effective in improving eating habits

What is the best method for calculating the optimal position of an esophageal pH probe in children?

In assessment of distal esophageal pH, the sensor of the probe should be placed above the upper border of the lower esophageal sphincter. There are several methods to estimate the distance from the nose where the probe should be fixed according to the patient's height. We studied the accuracy of these methods. Data of patients who underwent esophageal monitoring were collected prospectively. The esophageal pH electrode was set with the aid of fluoroscopy in all cases, considering the location recommended by the current guideline. Esophageal probe position and anthropometric data of each patient were recorded. We compared the actual esophageal pH electrode distance from the nose with that estimated by Nowak's, Strobel's, Staiano-Clouse's, and Moreau's formulae and the Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) table. A total of 98 patients were included, with ages ranging from 2 months to 19 years old. The highest success rate (67%) for all age groups was achieved by Nowak's formula (3.2 + 0.2 × height in cm). Considering only children under 3 years old, the GOSH table reached the highest-yet probably overestimated-fraction of adequate predictions. A corrected Staiano and Clouse's formula (4.28 + 0.191 × height in cm) had a slightly lower success rate than Nowak's due to a poorer performance in younger children. In conclusion, Nowak's formula is the most accurate regardless of age. It can help reduce radiation due to systematic fluoroscopy, as well as the subsequent manipulation of the esophageal probe. However, it still leads to pH sensor misplacements in more than one-third of children. In consequence, a confirmatory X-ray is advisable even after using the formula.

Malignancy and mortality in paediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a 3-year prospective, multinational study from the paediatric IBD Porto group of ESPGHAN.

BACKGROUND: Risk benefit strategies in managing inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are dependent upon understanding the risks of uncontrolled inflammation vs those of treatments. Malignancy and mortality in IBD have been associated with disease-related inflammation and immune suppression, but data are limited due to their rare occurrence. AIM: To identify and describe the most common causes of mortality, types of cancer and previous or current therapy among children and young adults with paediatric-onset IBD. METHODS: Information on paediatric-onset IBD patients diagnosed with malignancy or mortality was prospectively collected via a survey in 25 countries over a 42-month period. Patients were included if death or malignancy occurred after IBD diagnosis but before the age of 26 years. RESULTS: In total, 60 patients were identified including 43 malignancies and 26 fatal cases (9 due to cancer). Main causes of fatality were malignancies (n = 9), IBD or IBD-therapy related nonmalignant causes (n = 10; including 5 infections), and suicides (n = 3). Three cases, all fatal, of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma were identified, all were biologic-naïve but thiopurine-exposed. No other haematological malignancies were fatal. The 6 other fatal cancer cases included 3 colorectal adenocarcinomas and 3 cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs). Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) was present in 5 (56%) fatal cancers (1 colorectal carcinoma, 3 CCAs and 1 hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma). CONCLUSIONS: We report the largest number of paediatric-onset IBD patients with cancer and/or fatal outcomes to date. Malignancies followed by infections were the major causes of mortality. We identified PSC as a significant risk factor for cancer-associated mortality. Disease-related adenocarcinomas were a commoner cause of death than lymphomas.

A systematic review with meta-analysis of the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in congenital diaphragmatic hernia pediatric survivors.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors are a well-known group at risk for developing gastroesophageal reflux disease that may be particularly long-term severe. The aim of this study is to provide a systematic review of the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in infant and children survivors treated for congenital diaphragmatic hernia.Electronic and manual searches were performed with keywords related to congenital diaphragmatic hernia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and epidemiology terms. Summary estimates of the prevalence were calculated. Effect model was chosen depending on heterogeneity (I2). Factors potentially related with the prevalence, including study quality or the diagnostic strategy followed, were assessed by subgroup and meta-regression analyses. Risk of publication bias was studied by funnel plot analysis and the Egger test.The search yielded 140 articles, 26 of which were included in the analyses and provided 34 estimates of prevalence: 21 in patients aged 12 months or younger, and 13 in older children. The overall prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants was 52.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 43.2% to 62.1%, I2 = 88.7%) and, in children over 1 year old, 35.1% (95% CI: 25.4% to 45.3%, I2 = 73.5%). Significant clinical and statistical heterogeneity was found. The strategy chosen for gastroesophageal reflux diagnosis influenced the reported prevalence. The only estimate obtained with a systematic use of multichannel intraluminal impedance provided a higher prevalence in both age groups: 83.3% (95% CI: 67.2% to 93.6%) and 61.1% (95% CI: 43.5% to 76.9%) respectively. This last prevalence did not significantly differ from that obtained using only low risk of bias estimates.As a conclusion, gastroesophageal reflux disease is commonly observed after congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair and is almost constantly present in the first months of life. It may be underdiagnosed if systematically esophageal monitoring is not performed. This should be considered when proposing follow-up and management protocols for congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors.

Coexistencia de enfermedad de Crohn y trombocitopenia inmune primaria y sus implicaciones en el tratamiento / Co-existence of Crohn's disease and primary immune thrombocytopenia and its implications in treatment

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Hemocromatosis neonatal: otra entidad que deja de ser huérfana. Avances en el diagnóstico y manejo de la principal causa de fallo hepático agudo neonatal / Neonatal hemochromatosis: Another entity that is no longer orphan. Advances in the diagnosis and management of the main cause of neonatal acute liver failure

La hemocromatosis neonatal es la causa más frecuente de fallo hepático agudo en el periodo neonatal. Asocia una elevada morbimortalidad dado el daño hepático secundario a acúmulo de hierro. En los últimos años, las nuevas evidencias acerca de su etiopatogenia aloinmune han repercutido sobre el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y el pronóstico de estos pacientes. El tratamiento con gammaglobulinas y exsanguinotransfusión ha cambiado radicalmente el pronóstico libre de trasplante. Otro gran éxito ha sido el uso preventivo de gammaglobulina en las gestantes con antecedentes de hemocromatosis neonatal, disminuyendo así la tasa de recurrencia de la enfermedad de hasta un 70%. Este nuevo paradigma ha convertido a una entidad con un pobre pronóstico en una patología con posibilidad de curación si se diagnostica y trata precozmente. A pesar de ello, sigue habiendo un gran desconocimiento generalizado de la enfermedad, con implicaciones médicas que derivan en un importante problema sanitario, ya que estos pacientes se derivan de forma tardía a los centros especializados

Neonatal hemochromatosis is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the neonatal period. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality due to iron overload in hepatic and extra-hepatic tissues. New evidence has emerged during the last few years as regards its alloimmune etiology, which have had an important repercussion on the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of these patients. Treatment with immunoglobulins and exchange transfusions has radically changed the prognosis without liver transplant. Another great success has been the preventive use of immunoglobulin in pregnant women with a past history of neonatal hemochromatosis, thus decreasing the rate of disease recurrence up to 70%. This new paradigm has led to an entity with a poor prognosis becoming a curable disease if diagnosed and treated early. Nevertheless, a large widespread ignorance of the disease persists, with medical implications that result in significant health problems, due to the delayed referral of these patients to specialized centers

Toxicidad medular secundaria a primoinfección por virus de Epstein-Barr en paciente con enfermedad de Crohn en tratamiento con tiopurínicos / Bone marrow toxicity secondary to a primary Epstein-Barr infection in a patient with Crohn's disease on thiopurines treatment

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[Neonatal hemochromatosis: Another entity that is no longer orphan. Advances in the diagnosis and management of the main cause of neonatal acute liver failure]. / Hemocromatosis neonatal: otra entidad que deja de ser huérfana. Avances en el diagnóstico y manejo de la principal causa de fallo hepático agudo neonatal.

Neonatal hemochromatosis is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the neonatal period. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality due to iron overload in hepatic and extra-hepatic tissues. New evidence has emerged during the last few years as regards its alloimmune etiology, which have had an important repercussion on the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of these patients. Treatment with immunoglobulins and exchange transfusions has radically changed the prognosis without liver transplant. Another great success has been the preventive use of immunoglobulin in pregnant women with a past history of neonatal hemochromatosis, thus decreasing the rate of disease recurrence up to 70%. This new paradigm has led to an entity with a poor prognosis becoming a curable disease if diagnosed and treated early. Nevertheless, a large widespread ignorance of the disease persists, with medical implications that result in significant health problems, due to the delayed referral of these patients to specialized centers.

Colitis ulcerosa asociada a hepatitis autoinmune: ¿una forma diferencial de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal? / Ulcerative colitis associated with autoimmune hepatitis: a differential form of inflammatory bowel disease?

La enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) es un trastorno inflamatorio crónico del tracto intestinal de patogénesis multifactorial, con posible asociación a distintos desórdenes autoinmunes, entre los cuales se encuentra la hepatitis autoinmune (HAI). Se ha postulado una serie de características diferenciales de la EII asociada a HAI en niños. Nuestro objetivo es describir las características diferenciales observadas en nuestros pacientes con EII asociada a HAI respecto a aquellos con formas clásicas de la enfermedad, confirmando dicha singularidad

Inflammatory bowel Disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory diseases that can be associated with different autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).Some specific and differential characteristics in children with IBD associated to AIH have beendescribed. Our aim is to describe the clinical pattern of this association observed in our patients,confirming its differential characteristics as compared to classical IBD in children

[Ulcerative colitis associated with autoimmune hepatitis: a differential form of inflammatory bowel disease?]. / Colitis ulcerosa asociada a hepatitis autoinmune: ¿una forma diferencial de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal?

Inflammatory bowel Disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory diseases that can be associated with different autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Some specific and differential characteristics in children with IBD associated to AIH have been described. Our aim is to describe the clinical pattern of this association observed in our patients, confirming its differential characteristics as compared to classical IBD in children.

Enfermedad de Crohn y eritema nudoso: ¿es útil la nutrición enteral exclusiva? / Crohn's disease and erythema nodusum: Is exclusive enteral nutrition useful?

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Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease.

Children and adolescents with Crohn's disease (CD) present often with a more complicated disease course compared to adult patients. In addition, the potential impact of CD on growth, pubertal and emotional development of patients underlines the need for a specific management strategy of pediatric-onset CD. To develop the first evidenced based and consensus driven guidelines for pediatric-onset CD an expert panel of 33 IBD specialists was formed after an open call within the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation and the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterolog, Hepatology and Nutrition. The aim was to base on a thorough review of existing evidence a state of the art guidance on the medical treatment and long term management of children and adolescents with CD, with individualized treatment algorithms based on a benefit-risk analysis according to different clinical scenarios. In children and adolescents who did not have finished their growth, exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is the induction therapy of first choice due to its excellent safety profile, preferable over corticosteroids, which are equipotential to induce remission. The majority of patients with pediatric-onset CD require immunomodulator based maintenance therapy. The experts discuss several factors potentially predictive for poor disease outcome (such as severe perianal fistulizing disease, severe stricturing/penetrating disease, severe growth retardation, panenteric disease, persistent severe disease despite adequate induction therapy), which may incite to an anti-TNF-based top down approach. These guidelines are intended to give practical (whenever possible evidence-based) answers to (pediatric) gastroenterologists who take care of children and adolescents with CD; they are not meant to be a rule or legal standard, since many different clinical scenario exist requiring treatment strategies not covered by or different from these guidelines.

The complete picture of changing pediatric inflammatory bowel disease incidence in Spain in 25 years (1985-2009): the EXPERIENCE registry.

OBJECTIVES: A growing incidence of pediatric IBD (PIBD) in southern Europe has been recently reported. The SPIRIT registry (1996-2009) confirmed these tendencies in Spain. Our aim is to obtain data from 1985 to 1995 and describe the complete picture of PIBD presentation changes in Spain in the last 25years. METHODS: A retrospective survey of incident PIBD in the period 1985-1995 was performed. Patients' data were obtained from the hospitals' databases and compared with the published data from the 1996 to 2009 period. Seventy-eight IBD reference centers took part in this survey. RESULTS: Data from 495 patients were obtained: 278 CD (56.2%), 198 UC (40%), and 19 IBDU (3.8%); 51.7% were female, with higher predominance both in UC (58.6%) and in IBDU (57.9%), but not in CD (46.4%). Median (IQR) age at diagnosis was 12.9 (10.0-15.7) years, with significant differences among IBD subtypes: CD: 13.1 (10.8-16.0) vs UC: 12.4 (9.4-15.1) vs IBDU: 7.5 (3.0-13.0) (p≤0.001). These results are significantly different to the ones in the SPIRIT registry, with a higher proportion of IBDU, younger age and male predominance. The data from both periods taken together give a complete picture of a 25-year period. An annual increase of incident patients was observed, with a ten-fold increase over this period. CONCLUSION: These data extend the epidemiological trends to a full 25-year period (1985-2009). PIBD incidence in Spain has experienced a sixteen-fold increase. The IBD subtype, localization of the affected segment, age- and sex distribution observed are in accordance with our previously published ones of 1996-2009.

Aspectos dermatológicos asociados a la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal pediátrica / Dermatological aspects associated to pediatric inflammatory bowel disease

La afectación cutánea, en sus diferentes formas y como consecuencia de distintos mecanismos implicados, constituye una patología prevalente en los pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII), tanto adultos como pediátricos. En este artículo se lleva a cabo una revisión de las diferentes patologías cutáneas asociadas a la EII, incluyendo las manifestaciones extraintestinales de la EII, efectos adversos de los tratamientos para el control de la EII, prevención de riesgos y otras situaciones

Skin manifestations are a prevalent pathology observed in pediatric and adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the following paper cutaneous diseases associated to IBD are reviewed, including extraintestinal IBD manifestations, adverse effects associated to IBD treatment, risk prevention and other situations

Aplicación de los criterios de Oporto para el diagnóstico de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal pediátrica en un centro pediátrico de referencia / Application of the Porto criteria for the diagnosis of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease in a paediatric reference centre

Introducción: El término enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) ha englobado clásicamente dos entidades: enfermedad de Crohn (EC) y colitis ulcerosa (CU). La diferenciación correcta entre ambas enfermedades tiene importantes implicaciones. El término EII tipo no clasificada (EIInC) describe aquellas situaciones de inflamación colónica que no pueden ser identificadas con seguridad como EC ni como CU. Esta situación se ha descrito hasta en el 20-30% de la EII pediátrica en el momento del diagnóstico. Con el fin de alcanzar un diagnóstico de seguridad ante la sospecha de EII en niños, la European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (EPSGHAN) estableció en julio de 2005 los denominados criterios de Oporto (CO). Dichas recomendaciones incluyen la realización de: a) colonoscopia completa con ileoscopia, b) endoscopia digestiva alta; c) biopsias múltiples de todos los trayectos explorados, y d) exploración completa del intestino delgado. Objetivo: Evaluar los procedimientos diagnósticos utilizados en nuestros pacientes con EII en relación a los CO. Pacientes y métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de los datos de nuestros pacientes con EII diagnosticados en los últimos diez años (1999-2008) en un hospital terciario español diferenciando dos periodos: antes y después de la publicación de los CO. Resultados: Ciento ocho pacientes han sido diagnosticados de EII en nuestro centro en dicho periodo (51 CU, 52 EC, 5 EIInC), 43 niñas (39,8%), 65 niños (60,1%). Según la clasificación de Montreal: a) CU, 40 (78,4%) colitis extensa, 5 colitis izquierda (9,8%), 6 proctitis (11,7%); b) EC: 44 ileo-colónico (84,6%), 13 ileal (25%) y 7 colónico (13,4%). Edad mediana al diagnóstico: 13 años 1 mes (p25-p75: 10 años 3 meses- 14 años 9 meses). Los CO se cumplieron en el 49% de los casos (en el 33,3% antes de su publicación, en el 64,8% tras ésta; p=0,001). Se realizó una endoscopia digestiva alta en 62 pacientes (58%): en 38,9% antes frente a 72,2% después, p<0,001. Se encontró afectación endoscópica o histológica relevante en tramos altos en el 51% de los pacientes con EC. Se realizó colonoscopia completa con ileoscopia en el 85,2% de los casos. El número medio de segmentos ileo-colónicos biopsiados fue de 6,6 de entre 7 segmentos posibles. Se objetivaron granulomas en el 38% de los pacientes con EC. Hasta el 38% de los pacientes con EC presentaban signos microscópicos de inflamación en segmentos de aspecto endoscópico normal. Durante el seguimiento a los pacientes con EIInC, se procedió al cambio del diagnóstico inicial en 1 paciente a EC y en 1 caso a CU, manteniéndose el diagnóstico inicial en los otros 3 pacientes. Conclusiones: Nuestra práctica clínica en el diagnóstico de EII ha cambiado tras la publicación de los CO. La endoscopia digestiva alta constituye una herramienta útil en el diagnóstico de afectación de tramos altos en la EC. La colonoscopia completa con ileoscopia y la realización de biopsias múltiples son fundamentales para delimitar la extensión de los cambios inflamatorios. No hemos observado cambios en el diagnóstico final en nuestros pacientes con EC o CU tras un seguimiento medio de 4 años (AU)

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have classically included two entities: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The correct differentiation between these two diseases has important implications. The term inflammatory bowel disease unclassified (IBDu) describes inflammatory changes of the colon that cannot be classified as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. This situation has been described in 20-30% of paediatric IBD at diagnosis. In order to reach a definitive diagnosis of suspicion of inflammatory bowel disease in children, the ESPGHAN (European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition) established the Porto criteria (PC) in July 2005. The recommendations include: 1) total colonoscopy with ileal intubation, 2) upper endoscopy, 3) multiple biopsies and 4) complete small bowel exploration. Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic procedures used in our IBD patients regarding the PC. Patients and methods: Retrospective review of the data of our IBD patients diagnosed in the last ten years (1999-2008) in a Spanish tertiary hospital, differentiating two periods: before and after the publication of the PC. Results: A total of 108 IBD patients had been diagnosed (51 UC, 52 CD, 5 IBDu), 43 girls (39.81%), 65 boys (60.18%). According to the Montreal classification: 1) UC, 40 (78%) extensive colitis, 5 left-sided colitis (9.8%), 6 proctitis (11%), 2) CD: 44 ileo-colonic (84%), 13 ileal, 7 colonic. Median age at diagnosis: 13 years 1 month (p25-p75: 10 years 3 months- 14 years 9months). The Porto criteria were followed in 49% of the cases (33.3% before its publication, 64.8% after, P=.001). Upper endoscopy was performed in 62 patients (58%): 38.9% versus 72.2%, P<0.001. Upper involvement was found in 51% of our CD patients. Total colonoscopy with ileoscopy was achieved in 85.2% of the cases. The mean number of ileo-colonic segments biopsied was 6.6 (7 different segments). Granulomas at biopsies were present in 38% of our CD patients. Up to 38% of the CD patients had microscopic inflammation in endoscopically normal appearing segments. During the follow-up, initial diagnosis among the IBDu patients, was changed to CD in 1, to UC in 2 and the other 3 remained with the same diagnosis. We did not observe other changes in diagnosis in the remaining 103 patients (median follow-up: 4y 8mo). Thirty patients were discharged when becoming adults. Conclusions: Our clinical practice in IBD diagnosis has changed after the PC. Upper endoscopy is a useful tool to find upper involvement in CD. Total colonoscopy with ileoscopy and performance of multiple biopsies are essential to determine extension of the inflammatory changes. We have not observed changes in the final diagnosis in our CD and UC patients after a median follow-up of 4 years (AU)